Thursday, 7 March 2024

音素(Phonemes),字素(Graphemes),双字素(Digraphs)

 音素(Phonemes)

您在单词中听到的每个声音都是一个音素。 它是构成完整单词的最小声音单位。 不要将这与这本身字母混淆。 音素只是发出的声音。 重要的是要了解音素可以由多个字母组成。

以狗 (dog) 这个词为例。 涉及三个音素:“d”音、短的“o”音和“g”音。

Hope 这个词也是一个三音素词:“h”音、长“oo”音和“p”音。

对于稍微困难一点的东西,“school”这个词有四个音素:“s”音、“k”音、长“uu”音和“l”音。

英语中有 44 个音素,其中包括 24 个辅音和 20 个元音。 想想辅音和元音的不同组合(例如“ch”或“ea”)发出独特的声音。


字素(Graphemes)

字素是用于识别音素的符号; 它是代表声音的一个字母或一组字母。 您可以使用字母名称来识别字素,例如汽车中的“c”,其中硬“c”声音由字母“c”表示。

两个字母的字素位于“team”中,其中“ea”发出长“ee”音。 四个字母的字素可以在单词“eight”中找到,其中“eigh”发出长“a”的声音。

为了让大家感到困惑,一些音素(声音)可以用不同的字素(字母)来拼写。

硬“c”音可以用“c”、“k”或“ck”字素来拼写。 相当多的字素可以用于长“ee”音素:“ee”如利兹,“ea”如seam,“ie”如brief,“ei”如天花板,“e-e”如主题 。


双字素(Digraphs)

最后,有向字母是一种发出同一个声音的两个字母的字素。 例如,考虑“choose”中的“ch”、“shut”中的“sh”或“boat”中的“oa”。

分裂二合字母是指单词末尾的“e”使中间元音变长,例如“din”和“dine”之间的区别。 它们都有三个音素(声音),但“dine”中的二合字母发出长“i”的声音。

(英语合成拼读法)如何提高阅读,拼写和口语正确发音的能力。

 英语合成拼读法(Synthetic Phonics)

合成拼读法Synthetic Phonics)是一种英语教学方法,旨在通过教授字母的发音和它们在单词中的组合方式来帮助学生学习阅读和拼写。这种方法侧重于将单个字母或字母组合的发音与它们在单词中的位置联系起来,以帮助学生逐步建立起阅读和拼写的能力。以下是关于合成拼读法的详细介绍:

原理:字母与音素的对应关系:合成拼读法强调字母或字母组合graphemes)与音素(phonemes)之间的一对一对应关系。每个字母或字母组合都代表着一个音素,学生通过学习这种对应关系来识别单词的发音。

逐步学习:合成拼读法按照一定的顺序逐步引入字母和音素,让学生逐渐建立起阅读和拼写的技能。从简单的音素和字母开始,逐渐引入复杂的音素和拼写规则。

拼读为主:在合成拼读法中,学生通过拼读(blending)单词的各个音素来识别单词。他们学会将单词分解为音素,然后合成这些音素以正确发音单词。

音节拆分 学生通过学习如何拆分单词为音节,从而更容易理解和处理单词。这有助于他们在阅读时更流畅地识别单词。

辅助记忆规则:合成拼读法也会教授一些规则和辅助记忆技巧,帮助学生更好地理解英语拼写系统中的一些模式和规律。

教学方法:引入音素:教师首先介绍单个音素的发音,使用清晰的发音示范和实际单词来帮助学生理解这些音素。

引入字母:接下来,教师逐步引入与已学音素相对应的字母,教导学生如何将字母与音素联系起来。

拼读:学生通过将字母按照正确的顺序合成单词的发音,从而进行拼读。这可能包括在白板上拼读单词,使用字母卡片或其他视觉辅助工具。

阅读实践:学生需要进行大量的阅读实践,以巩固他们的拼读技能,并逐渐提高阅读速度和理解能力。

拼写练习:除了拼读,合成拼读法也包括拼写练习,学生通过将已学的音素正确地拼写成单词来加强他们的拼写能力。

优势:系统性:合成拼读法提供了一个系统性的教学框架,使学生能够逐步建立起他们的阅读和拼写技能。

 一致性:通过字母与音素之间的一致性对应关系,合成拼读法提供了一个统一的学习方法,帮助学生更好地理解英语拼写系统。

适用性:合成拼读法适用于各种年龄段和语言水平的学生,包括母语和非母语学习者。

可衡量性:合成拼读法的教学进度可被明确地划分和评估,使教师能够更好地跟踪学生的学习进展并提供有针对性的支持。

提高自信心:通过逐步学习和成功的实践,学生可以建立起对阅读和拼写的自信心,从而激发他们对学习的兴趣和动力。

综上所述,合成拼读法是一种有效的英语教学方法,通过系统性的教学和一致性的学习框架帮助学生逐步建立起阅读和拼写的能力。

合成拼读法在全球范围内得到广泛应用,特别是在初学者和英语作为第二语言(ESL)学生中。它被认为是一种有效的教学方法,能够帮助学生建立牢固的阅读和拼写基础。

Saturday, 13 August 2011

Whole Grains + Red/Green Beans


Red/Green  Beans
Beans have significant amounts of fiber and soluble fiber, with one cup of cooked beans providing between nine to thirteen grams of fiber. Beans are also high in protein, complex carbohydrates and iron.
Recipe
1.            Wash and drain the whole grains. (1 ½ cup)
2.            Soak beans (1 ½ cup) with warm water for ½ hour.
3.            Add whole grains, soaked beans and 1300 cc of water into the electric cooking pot.
3.            Set the timer to 30 minutes.
4.            Sugar and milk can be added for taste.

Whole Grains + Fresh Fruits


Fruits
Fruits are generally high in fiber, water, vitamin C and sugars. They are the good source of vitamin C. Regular consumption of fruit is associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, and some of the functional declines associated with aging.
Recipe
1.            Wash and drain the whole grains. (1 ½ cup)
2.            Add whole grains and 1300 cc of water into the electric cooking pot.
3.            Set the timer to 30 minutes.
4.            Chop the fresh fruits into pieces.
5.            Mix the fresh fruits and whole grains soup and ready for serving.

Whole Grains + Nuts + Seeds


Almonds, walnuts, cashews, Brazil nuts, hazel nuts and ground nuts are good sources of vitamins E and B2 (riboflavin, an antioxidant), and are rich in protein, folate, fiber, and essential minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, and selenium. Several studies have revealed that people who consume nuts regularly are less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease. Since then many clinical trials have found that consumption of various nuts such as almonds and walnuts can lower serum LDL cholesterol concentrations.
Sunflower seeds are rich in linoleic acid (fatty acid) and also an excellent source of dietary fiber, some amino acids , Vitamin E, B Vitamins (B1 , B5 or pantothenic acid), and minerals such as copper, manganese, potassium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, selenium, calcium and zinc. Additionally, they are rich in cholesterol-lowering phytosterols.
Recipe
1.            Chop mixed nuts into smaller pieces. (300 g)
2.            Wash and drain the whole grain. (1 ½ cup)
3.            Add mixed nuts, seeds, whole grains and 1300 cc of water into the electric cooking pot.
5.            Set the timer to 30 minutes.

Friday, 22 July 2011

Whole Grain and Mushroom Soup


Mushroom
Safe and edible fresh mushroom can be bought from supermarket. Mushrooms are a good source of B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, & B5) and the essential minerals, selenium, copper and potassium.  It provides flavour and fragrance to the soup. A little bit of pepper and salt can be added to enhance the taste.
Recipe

- 1.5 cup whole grain, 100g fresh mushrooms (5-6 pieces), 1/2 potato, 1/2 onion, 1300 ml water.
- Cut mushroom, potato and onion into pieces.
- Mix the ingredients and water in the cooking pot.
- Set the timer to 30 minutes.
- 2 tsp light soy sauce, 2 tsp salt, 1 tsp sugar and little bit of peper to be added according to preference.

Wednesday, 20 July 2011

Whole Grain, Pumpkin & Sweet Corn





Pumpkin
The nutrients found in pumpkin are vitamin A, C and both alpha and beta carotene, the latter of which generates vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A is a vitamin that is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of a specific metabolite, the light-absorbing molecule retinal, that is absolutely necessary for both low-light and colour vision.
Sweet Corn
Sweet corns are rich in Vitamin B, C, iron, magnesium and potassium. Cooked sweet corn has significant antioxidant activity, which has been suggested to reduce the chance of heart disease and cancer.  Cooked sweet corn also releases increased levels of ferulic acid, which provides health benefits, such as battling cancer.
Flavour
Pumpkin and sweet corn are chosen to add some combined flavour and nutrition to the multi grain soup. (Brown rice, millet and other whole grain) Fresh milk or honey can be added according to preference.
Recipe
1.       Cut and slice pumpkin into thin slices for easier cooking. (1/4)
2.       Slice and remove the corn seeds. (1)
3.       Wash the whole grain. (1 ½ cup)
4.       Add pumpkin slices, corn seeds, whole grain and 1300 cc of water into the electric cooking pot. (with heater & grinder)
5.    Set the cooking time to 30 minutes. (Green button)